The Genesis Of The Mid Twentieth Century America - 3651 Words

Every cultural movement has its genesis and its icon. The genesis of mid-twentieth century America’s African cultural movement was Harlem, and out of love for Harlem and its people came its â€Å"poet laureate† Langston Hughes (Davis 276). One cannot conduct any scholarly investigation of Harlem without encountering a barrage of information regarding Langston Hughes. Likewise, one cannot study Langston Hughes without encountering Harlem. When Langston Hughes first experienced Harlem, he had a reaction that would profoundly impact his writing for the rest of his life: â€Å"I can never put into words the underground ride to Harlem. I went up the stairs and out into the bright September sunlight. Harlem! I stood there, dropped my bags, took a deep†¦show more content†¦Not everyone was in Harlem for the grand allure of the art scene or the spiritual hope for a better tomorrow. Many were there to experience unusual ecstasy in the black community, and as a result m any spectacular cabarets sprung up in Harlem (Davis 276). Furthermore, there was an overwhelming curiosity on part of many white intellectuals to experience this extraordinary dream-like Harlem. An African-American journal of the time recorded, â€Å"White people are taking a morbid interest in the night life of [Harlem]† (qtd. in Osofsky 236). Not only were white people â€Å"morbidly interested,† but this New Negro movement was impacting all aspects of the cultural scene in New York as everyone attempted to become a part of the newest item in vogue. As novelist Rudolph Fisher had explained, â€Å"Negro stock is going up and everybody’s buying† (qtd. in Osofsky 234). In â€Å"Jazz Band in a Parisian Cabaret† Hughes demonstrates this mixed party atmosphere common during the 1920s in Paris as well as America: Play that thing, Jazz band! Play it for the lords and ladies, For the dukes and counts, For the whores and gigolos, For the American millionaires, And the school teachers Out for a spree. (1-8) Harlem was magnetic, drawing people from all walks of life. As Hughes also explained at the time, â€Å"Harlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere† (qtd. in Gates 10). This â€Å"NegroShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Science And The Nineteenth Century1249 Words   |  5 PagesFaith v.s Science Sunya Hassan History 10 Faith vs. Science in the Nineteenth Century Throughout history, the comparison of faith and science have caused debate between our historians. However, they can agree that the nineteenth century was somewhat of a blurred line in American history to determine where the population’s allegiance laid. While the Second Great Awakening riled up a lot of devout Baptists and Methodists, science had also taken a toll with the Industrial Revolution. Which isRead MoreThe Concept Of A Paradigm Shift1640 Words   |  7 Pagesand philosophical explanations of human behaviour largely irrelevant to any Darwinian progressives10. Dawkins would later use his authority to argue that Darwin divided history in two in The God Delusion in 1860, by attacking the â€Å"literal† truth of genesis and the biblical six-day creation myth in tangible, evidence-based terms. Through Darwin, Dawkins argued (erroneously) that atheism was first made feasible, stating GOD DELUSION. This interpretation has prompted popular intrigue and has had a pronouncedRead MoreHorney1624 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding the works of Karen Horney (1885–1952). She was a psychoanalyst best known for her work on neurosis and coping techniques. Horney was a leading figure in the development of a range of non-orthodox psychoanalytic approaches in mid-twentieth-century America. Often compared to orthodox Freudians, she emphasized interpersonal relations and minimized the role ascribed to biology. Horney was particularly critical of Freuds approach to women (Horney 1942). Biography Karen Horney was bornRead MoreWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"illuminated printing† Blake illustrated and published Natural Religion in 1788, Songs of Innocence in 1789, Marriage of Heaven and Hell in 1790 and Songs of Experience in 1794 (Simkin 1). While these works were being published he also finished America: A Prophesy and Visions of the Daughters of Albion in 1793 in addition to, Europe: A Prophesy and The Book of Urizen in 1794. Blake’s works included illustrations in the margins of his pages along with hand drawn pictures. In two years Blake paintedRead More Evolution Creationism in Education Essay3937 Words   |  16 PagesEvolution Creationism in Education The twentieth century has witnessed the escalation of the creation - evolution debate through famous court cases and Supreme Court decisions on the teaching of evolution in public schools, culminating most recently in a Kansas Board of Education decision. As this highly controversial issue of the teaching of evolution in American classrooms rages on, it may be difficult for some individuals of Christian faith to form an alternative belief other than the extremesRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Act2723 Words   |  11 Pagesaffirmative action in the United States? The wicked vice of racial discrimination towards African Americans has, over the course of almost six centuries, indelibly tainted social, economic and cultural relations between those of all racial profiles in the â€Å"Land of the Free†. Historically speaking, the African American experience is imbued in pain and suffering for centuries of malfeasance on the part of white American-dominated governments. Institutional racism combined with social and cultural discriminationRead MoreEssay on The Postmodernist Impulse and Sam Shepard3396 Words   |  14 Pagesarchitecture, art, literature, music, film, sociology, cultural and media studies, visual arts, philosophy, history. Communications and technology. The beginning of postmodernism is quite unclear, however, it emerged as an area of academic study in mid- 1980s. Postmodernism is an outcome of the deep changes in social and political life style in post-industrialized societies with an attitude to question the truth and autho rity put forth by such conditions. Critics have constantly been debatingRead MorePolice Corruption And Its Effect On The Police Force2348 Words   |  10 Pagesto change the perceptions of the police. Police Corruption happens every day in America. The perception of police in America is dramatically influenced when the corruption becomes known. How can the Police change its image and what should be the repercussions of corruption? â€Å"As the American police force grew in per capita strength from the mid-nineteenth century until the first decade of the twentieth when they reached their present strength, their organization, communication capacityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreThe Evolution of La Virgen de Guadalupe in Chicano Art Essay examples3140 Words   |  13 PagesPracticing Catholics all over Central and South America see a venerated patron saint. In Mexico, she is immediately recognizable as symbolic mother of a nation, ‘nuestra madre.’ New generations of mestizos see a symbol of all that is woman, as real and complex as their mothers, sisters, daughters, and lovers. Who you see depends on who you are, but all identify her as the Virgin of Guadalupe, perhaps the most recognizable icon to emerge out of post-conquest Americas. La Virgen of Guadalupe has evolved throughout

The Pain Of A Physician Assistant - 875 Words

Terrified was an understatement. â€Å"Surgery†¦.surgery†¦surgery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was the only word that I heard echoed through the room , and suddenly images of knifes and flesh being cut invaded my ten years old mind. Peritonitis, was what I had, â€Å"unfortunately† I thought then, yet â€Å"fortunately† I know now. My calling in life was then discovered and for that I will be forever grateful. Petrified and alone, I was yearning for someone to understand my fear and explain what is about to happen to me; to clarify what the doctors said. That s when a Physician Assistant walked in and changed my life forever. I will always remember Julie s smile and reassuring voice which filled me with a sense of calm and genuine comfort. She was carrying a doll and highlighted what my surgery was all about. As I lay in bed recovering after surgery, I decided that one day I will be like Julie and I will help people feel secure and safe in the healthcare setting. â€Å"On e more bite Ethan†, I said armed with a toy truck, as I was attempting to feed his frail, cold, and hairless little body who’s eyes were full of life. Ethan was my friend, I came to visit him every Friday hopefully at his home but commonly at the hospital. â€Å"It’s almost over Ethan, you will soon stop hurting my little sunshine† I said to him, as I hugged his skeletal body. He looked up to me and without a sound he made perfect sense. That Sunday morning will forever be inked in my heart, that was the last day I saw my four year old friend, but theShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Physician Assistant?811 Words   |  4 PagesI fell backwards and heard a crack, after that all I remember is excruciating pain. 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After you become a licensed physician, you have two options forRead MoreJob Aspests of Anesthesiologists, Radiologists, and Physicians Assistants671 Words   |  3 PagesAnesthesiologist or a physician’s assistant. During this mini research project I will be discussing general core requirements, and just general aspects of the job itself. For instance the salary for each of the profession and expected job prospects. The medical field is quite vast in its selection of job careers even within the same job you can be many different titles while doing the same thing. One of the careers I had chosen was to be a radiologist. Radiologists are physicians who use cutting-edge imagingRead MoreEssay about Unit 4 Assignment: Outlining Career Goals1496 Words   |  6 PagesDepending upon the size of the facility, location, and specialty, duties of a Medical assistant may vary. Medical assistant specialty is to complete all clinical tasks and administrative tasks in hospitals, physician offices, and other health care clinics. Their duties may include taking a patients vital signs and history, arranging appointments for patients, helping the physician with examinations, following physician orders and administering injections, and preparing blood samples for testing. WhenRead MoreEssay On Nursing Patients931 Words   |  4 Pagescalled back by a Spanish speaking medical assistant who measured her vitals, we ight, blood pressure, and heart rate, and then took her initial history while entering the information into their electronic medical record on a tablet. The patient’s primary complaint was pain and swelling in her ankle after a fall 5 days prior. The injury was making it difficult to walk and she had been stuck in bed for the majority of the past few days. The medical assistant went through the majority of the symptom attributesRead MoreEmergency Medical Center And Certified Stroke Center1702 Words   |  7 Pagesin Philadelphia. Einstein’s emergency department treats over 95,000 patients each year, providing cutting edge care to patients with a wide variety of illnesses and injuries. The emergency department utilizes start-of-the-art systems to assist physicians and enhance patient care such as â€Å"digital radiography, and ED-based CT scanner, the Vocera Phone System, emergency bedside ultrasound, automatic patient tracking, and much more† (Einstein Medica l Center Philadelphia). Despite the advanced careRead MorePhysical Examination and B. Discharge Summary865 Words   |  4 Pagesreport of this information is known as the:   A.  initial progress note B.  discharge summary C.  history and physical D.  SOAP note    3.  The SOAP documentation format is most commonly used in which healthcare setting?   A.  hospital inpatient B.  physician s office C.  hospital emergency department D.  outpatient diagnostic department    4.  Dr. Schultz has just examined Natalia Shrier who had come to see him because she has been having increasing problems with gastroesophageal reflux. Dr. SchultzRead MoreThe Rise Of The Midlevel Primary Care Provider895 Words   |  4 Pagescausing concern for a problematic shortage of physicians, (Raines, 2014) it also heralds new and exciting solutions which include opening doors for midlevel providers, such as Nurse Practitioners and Physician’s Assistants, to succeed as primary healthcare providers in the world of a rapidly changing healthcare system. 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A typical day is very busy within this office, most Medical assistants get at the office at least a half hour before the provider they are currently working with. This is to stock their rooms with supplies and, prepare paperwork for their day. Appointments start at different times as each provider makes their own schedule, but for the most part, they start seeing patients at 8 am. The medical assistant will print paperwork to prepare for their day such as, immunizations records on

Importance of Accounting Information System-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Current Organizational Structure what operational problems do you think the Organisation could experience because of this structure? 2.Discuss about the Development and adoption of the Accounting Software Packages. Answers: Introduction The present undertakes a literature review in relation to the significance and importance of accounting information system in global competitive business scenario. In this context, the literature review emphasizes on the use of accounting software packages by an Australian company. The literature review focuses on the current organizational structure, operational problems, type of system acquisition method used and the control problems faced by the company for integrating the use of accounting software packages. Also, the report depicts and describes a system flowchart of the sales procedures for the selected company. The company selected for the purpose is Woolworths, an Australian retail giant that has adopted the use of accounting software packages for maintaining its accounting information appropriately (Chanthadavong 2016). In addition to this, the report presents a literature review on the development, current market size, leaders in the market and the current challenges with t he use of accounting software packages. 1.Current Organizational Structure The Woolworths conducts diverse business operations having major retail interest throughout Australia and New Zealand. The company main operations include supermarkets, liquor retailing and operating gaming machines in hotels and pubs. The company has extensive retail stores and operates in various business areas and therefore has a complex organizational structure. The company in order to maintain the flexibility in its organizational structure is largely incorporating the use of accounting software packages. The retail giant has integrated the use of cloud software system for incorporating flexibility in its organizational structure. It is also emphasizing on the use of Google Apps for proper monitoring and controlling its diverse business operations. The Woolworths is largely focusing on implementing latest information technological devices such as SAP-based merchandising system for enhancing the performance of its accounting system. The introduction of the SAP system has graduall y transformed its organizational structure into more flexible and organized manner. The implementation and adoption of an adequate accounting software system is essential for the company to manage its accounting information appropriately. The use of SAP enabled the company to manage its accounting information properly (Chanthadavong 2016). The company had to maintain its accounting data properly as it has various business units and therefore has complex data to be managed properly. Operational problems due to Accounting Software Packages The Woolworths Limited is also facing various problems due to use of accounting software packages. The Woolworths has revealed its plans of implementing SAP all of its business areas such as petrol retailing. However, the company is also facing large number of IT issues in successfully implementing the use of accounting software packages. The company encounters operational problems such as system inefficiency and errors with the use of accounting software packages (Coyne, 2016). The cloud based accounting software used by the company such as point of sales system and XERO are not user-friendly. The employees of the company do not possess adequate knowledge about the operational functions of the software impacting its operational efficiency. Also, the current organizational structure of the company maintained through the use of IT devices is subjected to cause operational error in its accounting system that can occur through wrong input of financial data into the system. This can caus e incorrect flow of accounting information from one department to another resulting in misrepresentation of accounting data. The company must take proper measures for preventing the occurrence of such operational problems use to use of accounting software system (Curtis, 2015). System Acquisition Method The accounting software system used by Woolworths such as point of sales and XERO are developed through ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system. The company is presently large focus on stabilizing its SAP platform for integrating larger use of IT devices and technologies in its operational activities. The software used by the company are based on SAP software and therefore the accounting software system acquisition method is ERP planning. The ERP is regarded to be business management software that enables business organizations to manage the operational activities of their various departments effectively. The business corporations have to develop a long-term plan for acquiring the information systems and services for supporting their business initiatives. This involves determining the top priorities of the top management and therefore designing the essential applications as per the projected priorities. The Woolworths, as such, is presently planning to incorporate the use of Google Apps for proper maintenance of its complex data. The company has developed all its information system and devices through the use of SAP implementation based on ERP (Hall, 2015). System Flowchart of Sales Procedure of Woolworths Limited The different symbol conventions sued in designing the sales process flowchart is illustrated below: The Sales flowchart of Woolworths Limited maintained through MYOB Accounting Software System Description of System Sales Procedure of Woolworths The company has incorporated the use of online software system for monitoring and controlling its sales operations. It various components are described below: Sales Division: it is involved in developing the orders of customers and processing them to credit department. This is followed by aligning the customer order into the shopping cart to be processed through the online payment method. The order is processed after verifying it from the credit department. Credit Department: The credit department verifies the payment details processed to them by the sales department. The payment details are sent to sales department after verification to be process the customer order further. The credit department adopts a secure server for receiving the customer payments in order to secure the customer bank information (Rangaraju and Kennedy, 2012). Warehouse Unit: The unit after receiving the confirmation of a particular customer order passes the required product to the shipping department for delivering to the customer. Shipping Department: The department after receiving goods from warehouse holds the responsibility of delivering the customer order to the address mentioned by them (Buttle, and Maklan, 2015). All the above sales process of the company is mediated through online accounting software MYOB that helps in integrating the accounting information across the various channels of the sales department (Curtis, 2015). Control and Fraud Issues in the System Sales Procedure of Woolworths Establishment of Duties: The Wooloworths Limited is a complex organization and thus its sales procedure comprises of multiple tasks to be completed. As such, it becomes highly critical for the company to effective monitor and control its sales activities through establishing the duties if different personnel. The sales manager should also ensure that each and every sales activity is properly managed and controlled through the use of the sales management software. Policies and Procedures: The Company is also required to establish effective policies and procedures that provide guidance to its sales management personnels regarding the use of the system software. This is essential so that the software used become friendly to use for the sale management personnel and proves to be helpful in managing the sales procedure of the company. Lack of Security Accuracy: The use of system software in managing the sales procedure also involves security and accuracy issues. The data can be accessed by the parties thus involving the loss of company data to outside parties. Also, the use o inaccurate software systems can result in data corruption that can further misrepresent the sales data before the management leading to wrong decision-making (Terkper, 2008). 2.Development and adoption of the accounting software packages There is increasing use of accounting software by the Australian business companies due to their large-scale affordability and managing complex business operations adequately. The business companies in Australia are selecting the most appropriate accounting software as per their needs and requirements. The accounting software are mainly developed to record and manage the complex financial data of the business companies and produce organized data for better decision-making by the management. The accounting software was introduced in the Australian business market around 1990S. The accounting software brought a revolution in the country as these cloud-based software are easy, integrated and internet based for effective co-ordination of accounting functions of various departments of a business organization. These have become a critical business management tool in the Australian business firms since their evolution and large-scale integration for integrating the accounting processes (Mag eto, 2017). The current market size The accounting software industry is growing steadily over the past years due to increasing need of industry-specific software management services. The industry is estimated to provide about annual revenue of about $3.1 billion annually over the coming years with the increase in industry participants (Software Publishing in Australia, 2017). Identify the leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage, The major market leaders in the accounting software industry of Australia are MYOB, Xero, Zoho Books and Quick Books. There is intense competition among this software as they provide almost similar features. The competitive advantage of these companies is based on the quality of service provided by them with easy acquisition method. The companies tend to provide high-quality services to the businesses for developing long-term customer relations with them (Software Publishing in Australia, 2017). Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting software/packages and relevant suggestions or recommendations The use of accounting software packages is associated with some challenge as addressed below: Difficult to Customize: The accounting software cannot be customized by the business users as per their needs and requirements. Also, the systems are very complex to be understood by the users and require software training for developing an understanding of their features. Delay Problems: The accounting software is based on the use of internet and thus encounter problems such as delay in processing of data due to slows speed of internet. Breach of Security: The business users also face problem of lack of confidential data as the data provided by them to the accounting software can be easily accessed over internet by outside users. This can result in loss of their private information to the competitors. Compatibility Issues: The accounting software also does not become easily compatible with other programs. This provides a hindrance to the users as they may not be able to import some data into their program due to computability issues (Liguo, 2014). On the basis of above challenges addressed, it is suggested to the business companies to select the accounting software as per their scale of operations and requirements. There are wide number of accounting software available in the market and therefore companies are required to be extremely cautious for selecting the adequate software for them. This involves a proper research on the part of the IT personnel and management so as to determine the best suitable software in accordance with the business operations (Hall, 2015). Conclusion It is inferred from carrying out the literature review in relation to the importance of accounting software system that there is high need in business world due to integration and co-ordination feature provided by them. However, the businesses for addressing the challenges associated with the use of accounting software system should carefully select the best system as per their business requirements. References Buttle, F. and Maklan, S. 2015. Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies. Routledge. Chanthadavong, A. 2016. Woolworths upgrades HR system to the cloud with SAP. [Online]. Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/woolworths-upgrades-hr-system-to-the-cloud-with-sap/ [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Coyne, A. 2016. Woolworths makes fixing IT a priority. [Online]. Available at: https://www.itnews.com.au/news/woolworths-makes-fixing-it-a-priority-434957 [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Curtis, V. 2015. MYOB Software for Dummies Australia. John Wiley Sons. Hall, J. 2015. Accounting Information Systems. Cengage Learning. Liguo, Y. 2014. Overcoming Challenges in Software Engineering Education: Delivering Non-Technical Knowledge and Skills: Delivering Non-Technical Knowledge and Skills. IGI Global. Mageto, J. 2017. Accounting Softwares in Australia. An Overview. GRIN Verlag. Rangaraju, M.S. and Kennedy, H. 2012. Innovation in Management Challenges and Opportunities in the next decade. Allied Publishers. Software Publishing in Australia. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/information-media-telecommunications/except-internet-music-publishing/software-publishing.html [Accessed on: 22 August, 2017]. Terkper, S.E. 2008. Accounting Challenges for Semi-Autonomous Revenue Agencies (SARAs) in Developing Countries, Issues 2008-2116. International Monetary Fund

Letter of Advice... Interpersonal Communication free essay sample

This a great article with good advice on how to communicate with your husband, wife or partner for the future. Without Communication there will not be a happy and long lasting result in a marriage. Within reading this article I was able to relate the knowledge with my own marriage of 5 long years. Learning how to communicate within listen as well as my tone and other forms to communicate has been susceptible for us. There has been along hard battle to fight through my ordeal, but the lessons of reading and responding with the actions have been very tolerable. I have had a very bad problem beening lonely after my children went to college and after I closed my business. Drawing more to my husband, I felt he was pulling away from me. There was not a day went by that I feel deeper in a depression without communicating that with him, I just assumed he would have noticed. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter of Advice Interpersonal Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now after talking the problem out and with quality time as well things are much better. Being able to relate to â€Å"Many couples think they are communicating with each other†, they are wrong at times, because I was that person. Within the statement, â€Å"Romantic relationships begin with a lot of sharing and excitement, (Terri Orbuch) I feel this is very true, because that’s why you get married. But, as time goes on other things take place within priorities before you mate. I blame this on life sometimes. Self-disclosure really is an important key to having satisfaction in a marriage even or a relationship, because it is an act of verbally or nonverbally revealing information about you to others. Within revealing your true thoughts and self you may allow other people to know the â€Å"real you† and not your public personality, which often leads to building the relationship to higher levels of communication. Self-disclosure is what your spouse will be entitled to that knowledge. When it comes to gender differences, there really is a level of expression that women and men have to different. When you make a connection and are able to understand how interpersonal communication works, you are better able to express and reveal information about the inner you. I have noticed that my husband keeps a lot of things bottled up on the inside and I really try to get him to talk about things. But within recognizing my husband’s stand on issues, I don’t push too hard. Gender roles are even greater over the years as men and women both have trouble in expressing their feelings, but if we learn to communicate better things will be easier. After all, we just want to be loved and cared for by our spouse. Unfortunately, I believe I have loved, lost, and lived to love again through our time together. I believe with time, exploring, and the use of self-disclosure that my husband and I will find our way back to an exciting new beginning to share with our extended family through generalization. I fit into the category because many relationships are typical. All arguments and issue seems to be the same, only to be in a different scenario. Communication plays a valuable role in our relationships one that leads to a long-lasting and healthy marriage. Some good advice is to make the best of every opportunity while having fun and loving the person you are with right now.

Bony Fish Facts

Bony Fish Facts Most of the worlds fish species are categorized into two types: bony fish and cartilaginous fish. In simple terms, a bony fish (Osteichthyes)  is one whose skeleton is made of bone, while a cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) has a  skeleton made of soft, flexible cartilage. A third type of fish, including eels and hagfish, is the group known as Agnatha, or jawless fish.   The cartilaginous fish include sharks,  skates,  and  rays.  Virtually all other fish fall into the class of bony fish which includes over 50,000 species. Fast Facts: Bony Fish Scientific Name: Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, SacropterygiiCommon Names: Bony fish, ray-finned and lobe-finned fishesBasic Animal Group: FishSize: From below a half inch to 26 feet longWeight: Well under an ounce to 5,000 poundsLifespan: A few months to 100 years or longer  Diet:  Carnivore, Omnivore, HerbivoreHabitat: Polar, temperate, and tropical ocean waters as well as freshwater environmentsConservation Status: Some species are Critically Endangered and Extinct. Description All bony fishes have sutures in their neurocranium and segmented fin rays derived from their epidermis. Both bony fish and cartilaginous fish breathe through gills, but bony fish also have a hard, bony plate covering their gills. This feature is called an operculum. Bony fish may also have distinct rays, or spines, in their fins. And unlike cartilaginous fish, bony fish have swim or gas bladders to regulate their buoyancy. Cartilaginous fish, on the other hand, must swim constantly to stay afloat.     Mint Images/Getty Images Species Bony fish are considered to members of the class  Osteichthyes, which is subdivided into two main types of bony fish: Ray-finned fishes, or ActinopterygiiLobe-finned fishes, or Sarcopterygii, which includes the coelacanths and lungfishes. The subclass Sarcopterygii is made up of about 25,000 species, all characterized by the presence of enamel on their teeth. They have a central axis of bone that acts as a unique skeletal support for fins and limbs, and their upper jaws are fused with their skulls. Two major groups of fishes fit under the Sarcopterygii: the Ceratodontiformes (or lungfishes) and the Coelacanthiformes (or coelacanths), once thought to be extinct. Actinopterygii includes 33,000 species in 453 families. They are found in all aquatic habitats and range in body size from under a half inch to over 26 feet long. The Ocean sunfish weighs up to over 5,000 pounds. The members of this subclass have enlarged pectoral fins and fused pelvic fins.  Species include Chondroste, which are primitive ray-finned bony fishes; Holostei or Neopterygii, the intermediate ray-finned fishes like sturgeons, paddlefish, and bichirs; and Teleostei or Neopterygii, the advanced bony fishes such as herring, salmon, and perch.   Habitat and Distribution Bony fish can be found in waters all around the world, freshwater and saltwater both, unlike cartilagenous fish who are found only in salt waters.  Marine bony fish live in all the oceans, from shallow to deep waters, and in both cold and warm temperatures. Their lifespans range from a few months to over 100 years. An extreme example of bony fish adaptation is the Antarctic icefish, which lives in waters so cold that antifreeze proteins circulate through its body to keep it from freezing. Bony fish also comprise virtually all freshwater species living in lakes, rivers, and streams.  Sunfish, bass, catfish, trout, and pike are examples of bony fish, as are the freshwater tropical fish that you see in aquariums.   Other species of bony fish include: TunaAtlantic codRed lionfishGiant frogfishSeahorsesOcean sunfish Rodrigo Friscione/Getty Images Diet and Behavior A bony fishs prey depends on the species but may include plankton, crustaceans (e.g., crabs), invertebrates (e.g., green sea urchins), and even other fish. Some species of bony fish are virtual omnivores, eating all manner of animal and plant life.   Bony fish behavior varies greatly, depending on the  species. Smaller bony fish swim in schools for protection. Some like the tuna swim continually while others (stonefish and flatfish) spend most of their time lying on the seafloor. Some such as morays only hunt at night; some like butterfly fishes do so during the day; and others are most active at dawn and dusk.   Reproduction and Offspring Some bony fish are born sexually mature or become mature shortly after birth; most mature within the first one to five years. The main reproduction mechanism is external fertilization. During the spawning season, females release hundreds to thousands of eggs in the water, and males release sperm and fertilize the eggs. Not all bony fish do lay eggs: Some are live-bearing. Some are hermaphrodites (the same fish has both male and female genitalia), and other bony fish switch genders over time. Some, like the seahorse, are oviparous, meaning the eggs are fertilized in the parent who feeds them from a yolk sac. Among seahorses, the male carries the offspring until they are born.   Evolutionary History The first fish-like creatures appeared over 500 million years ago. Bony fish and cartilaginous fish diverged into separate classes about 420 million years ago. Cartilaginous species are sometimes seen as more primitive, and for good reason. The evolutionary appearance of bony fish eventually led to land-dwelling vertebrates with bony skeletons. And the gill structure of bony fish gill was a feature that would eventually evolve into air-breathing lungs. Bony fishes are therefore a more direct ancestor to humans.   Conservation Status Most bony fish species are classed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but there numerous species that are Vulnerable, Near Threatened, or Critically Threatened, such as Metriaclima koningsi of Africa. Sources Bony and Ray-Finned Fishes. Endangered Species International, 2011.  Class Osteichthyes. The Biology Classroom of Mr. Pletsch. University of British Columbia, February 2, 2017.Hastings, Philip A., Harold Jack Walker, and Grantly R. Galland. Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2014.Konings, A. Metriaclima . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T124556154A124556170, 2018.  koningsiMartin, R.Adam. Fathoming Geologic Time. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.Plessner, Stephanie. Fish Groups. Florida Museum of Natural History: Ichthyology.

A Summary of Skolnicks Working Personality

Skolnick (1966) likens a police officer to a soldier, a school teacher, and a factory worker because of the dangers he faces, his issues with establish his authority, and the need prove his efficiency, but points out that this overwhelming combination of tasks is unique to police culture. Thus, the â€Å"us versus them† mentality begins to take shape, making officers feel the need to separate themselves from civilian society. The propensity now is that police work is no longer a job, but a way of life. Janowitz refers to the military profession as a â€Å"style of life† because the duties of the job extend pass occupational boundaries, and that any position that performs â€Å"life and death† tasks furthers such claims (Skolnick, p. 3). These split-second decisions that police officers have to make also contribute to their separatist way of thinking. It is also clear that the intensity or lack thereof of a police officer’s assignments can help develop his working personality. Basically, experience corroborates one’s outlook. The threat of danger is continuously present, which contributes to the officer’s constant suspicion in trying to identify a potential danger or a law being broken (Skolnick, p. 4). Because of this constant mode of thinking, many people find themselves not wanting to establish a social relationship or friendship with police officers. The danger element isolates the police officer from citizens that he finds representative of danger as well as isolating him from the more predictable people that he might ordinarily identify with (Skolnick, p. ). The police officer’s requirement to enforce morality laws such as traffic laws usually leads to citizens denying his authority and raising his threat level (Skolnick, p. 4). Skolnick states, â€Å"The kind of man who responds well to danger, however, does not normally prescribe to the codes of puritanical morality. † Because of this, many people view police officers at hypocrites, which gives the police community further rea son to isolate as well as further reason to build strong rapport between themselves (Skolnick, p. 4). Skolnick points out that it appears that British police are better about following procedural guidelines than are American police, but that the reason is that they face less dangers than do the police officers of the United States, thus they are better at creating the appearance of conformity (Skolnick, p. 4). Police officers develop a perceptual shorthand that allows them to identify symbolic assailants. This identification can come through the use of certain gestures, language, and even a type of clothing that police have come to associate with particular crimes or violence. Even if the a person has no history of violence or no criminal record, that is overlooked when an officer feels even a vague sense of danger (Skolnick, p. 5). Because of this constant threat of potential danger, police officers may even create certain emotional boundaries which help them continue to function successfully on assignment. Half of the officers in the Westville police department that Skolnick surveyed indicated that they would prefer an assignment of police detective, which involves direct danger. It is believed that while officers may be fearful of the dangers of their jobs, they may also find it exciting, finding enjoyment in potential danger (Skolnick, p. 6). Officers are, of course, trained to be suspicious. Skolnick mentioned a statement from a patrolman that pointed out that â€Å"the most important thing for the officer to do is notice the normal. † By this statement, the officer meant that in order to notice what could be deemed as suspicious, an officer must recognize what is considered normal for a particular area. Notably, whether or not an officer has personally experienced a hazardous situation doesn’t determine his level of suspiciousness. Police officers identify with their comrades who have endured hazardous situations such as beatings or who have even been killed (Skolnick, p. 7). In spite of racial issues that were in existence at the time Skolnick wrote this article, his interview with the Westville police department indicated that racial issues were not the most serious problem that police faced. It was, instead, issues regarding public relations such as citizens’ lack of respect for the badge, failure to cooperate, and the misunderstanding of what all police work entails (Skolnick, p. 8). Relating both to how the public views officers, as well as back to how they are perceived in social settings, Skolnick gives from the Westville police department of an officer and his wife who, while at a party, was hit in the leg and burned from a firework. Even though this occurred in a social setting, he was subjected to another party-goer’s exclamation of, â€Å"Better watch out, he’s a cop. † Another officer mentioned that he didn’t even identify himself as a police officer outside of work because once he did, he could no longer have a normal social relationship with them (Skolnick, p. 9-10). For much of the reasons mentioned previously, the solidarity of police officers has been reaffirmed. Another reason for this, however, is the threat of danger. Again, police officers experience a lack of support and understanding from their communities, and officers believe that the community should not be relieved of their responsibility for law enforcement just because there are uniformed officers who are paid to enforce the law and protect the community (Skolnick, p. 11). The work of police officers increases their solidarity as a group, further separates them from society, and it also taints his character in the eye of the judging public (Skolnick, p. 11-12). Danger faced by officers also acts to further alienate him not only from criminals, but to people he would ordinarily find himself being friends with. This also acts to increase solidarity. Janowitz stated, â€Å"any profession which is continually preoccupied with the threat of danger requires a strong sense of solidarity if it is to operate effectively† (Skolnick, p. 12). Thus, that strong sense of camaraderie is needed to function properly. This same level of solidarity allows police officers to be themselves around other polices officers, and ssentially enables them to â€Å"let themselves go† and engage in behavior that they otherwise wouldn’t because they are always facing public scrutiny (Skolnick, p. 15). It should also be noted that the police officers don’t cooperate with and look out for one another simply because the chief says that’s what they should do or because policy tells them that’s what they have to do, but instead, they d o it because they truly believe in the value of team work and know that it can be the difference of life or death out on the street. The brotherhood between police officers is so strong, it is sometimes described as â€Å"clannishness† (Skolnick, p. 16). Contributing to the already abundant level of public resentment, city administrations and courts may use their police force to meet budgetary requirements by setting speed traps, or may increase their fines. The police officers are the â€Å"face† of those fines, which creates even more separation between police officers and the communities they serve. Additionally, at events where officers are hired to keep order, they are essentially restraining citizens’ freedom of action, which leads to even more resentment (Skolnick, p. 3). However, police offers are often faced with situations in which they have administrative discretion, such as putting a drunk in a taxi instead of placing him under arrest. They could have arrested him, but chose to issue a kind of warning instead. Through their requirement to establish authority in order to effectively enforce the law, police officers feel that they are taken for granted, and that they are often â€Å"fighting alone† on the streets (Skolnick, p. 11). They are expected to be conventional, while also being knowledgeable of street expressions in order to put on a suspect (Skolnick, p. 18). They face public scrutiny at every turn, are alienated by one-time friends due to their profession, and in an effort to keep themselves and other safe, are forced into a constant mentality of seeing every one as potential suspect or constantly sensing the threat of potential danger. It is, then, no wonder that police officers have a working personality that is completely different from any other occupation.

The Legacy of the Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

The Legacy of the Holocaust - Essay Example The Holocaust damaged society. The consequence of the Jewish Holocaust had a great effect on society in Germany and the entire world. This devastating murder of the Jewish people in Germany left thousands in mental and physical pain, and affect current society in a negative manner. It is estimated that more than ten million people were killed by the authoritarian Nazi regime under the leadership of Hitler (Haran 25). The effects of Holocaust continue to haunt those people who were exposed to it. For instance, as children and other survivors started aging the terrifying past returns to their mind. In turn, insecurities start to control their physiologic mind. It is also significant to note that the holocaust did not only affect the survivors and those who died but it affected the entire world. For instance, the holocaust provides an example of how dictatorship and prejudice in our society can be costly or detrimental (Haran 36-39). Following liberation, many survivors, especially of J ewish ancestry, feared to go back to the former homes due to anti-Semitism that existed in some parts of Europe and the trauma they had experienced in the concentration camps. Some survivors who returned to their homes feared for their security. For instance, in Poland, the presence of pogroms or violent anti-Jewish protests in towns like Kielce in 1946 made the Jewish fearful to return home (Haran 47). The holocaust and its effects left million of Jewish and non-Jewish refugees who lost their families and property. They experienced relentless anti-Semitism in their home nations. This made many people not ready to return to their homes. Most displaced Jewish preferred to settle in Palestine.